afghanistan karzai essays

afghanistan karzai essays Dear brothers and sisters, the representatives of the bereaved nation of Afghanistan; Dear guests, members of the diplomatic corps Assalamu alaikum, may peace be upon you. I have some wonderful news and some concerning regarding the status of your country through my leadership as your president. As you may have known in my past, I have loyally served my country through the Soviet attempt of occupation and have succeeding and assisting my compatriots in freeing our country. I left Kabul in 1994 for Qandahar, due to the internal strife among the various factions. While in Qandahar, I was approached by my former colleagues from the Afghan resistance against the Soviets, to free Qandahar from the menace of warlordism, factionalism, and oppression. Thus, with the assistance of the local inhabitants and the Taliban this objective was achieved. However, in mid 1995 I parted with the Taliban movement, since they were gravitating towards extremism and negative foreign influence. In 1996, with the Taliban in control of Kabul, I was offered the post of their representative to the United Nations. Hamid Karzai rejected the Talibans offer, and instead devoted all my efforts towards the convening of an Emergency Loya Jirga, under the auspices of His Majesty, Mohammed Zaher, the Former King of Afghanistan. With me as one of the principal organizers, the Loya Jirga movement received an important impetus and in October 1997, an Intra-Afghan Dialogue Process was launched in Istanbul, Turkey. The movement sought to provide the Afghan people the opportunity to determine their right to self-determination in accordance to their free will. Following meetings of the Intra-Afghan Dialogue Process in Frankfurt and Bonn, Germany in July 1998, the focus of activity was shifted to Rome, Italy in 1999. (embassyofafghanistan.org/main/bios/karzai_bio.cfm) During the next several years, I worked to introduce the Loya Jirga process as the on...

Looking At The Human Growth And Development Theory Social Work Essays

Looking At The Human Growth And Development Theory Social Work Essays Looking At The Human Growth And Development Theory Social Work Essay Looking At The Human Growth And Development Theory Social Work Essay Social work pattern has shown that understanding different psychological, sociological and biological theories can assist in working efficaciously with households traveling through troubles ( Adams, Dominelli and Payne, 2009 ) . This assignment will discourse relevant theories that would enable a societal worker to better understand and buttocks this household s fortunes and behavior. A brief history of Sam provinces that he was antecedently adopted by the household when he was 4 old ages old. One of the theories to see within this instance survey is the Attachment theory. It has become more relevant in societal work, particularly when using to acceptance and fosterage. Walker ( 2008 ) has highlighted the relevancy of fond regard theory to child protection in societal work. Social work now understands the importance to measure the capacity of carers that would replace the old that would supply a unafraid base. Bowlby ( 1988 ) states that kids would so develop and turn if they have this secure base. A possible job would be that Sam has already entered the attention system. He may hold already experienced important loss or injury. This would impact his relationships with others. Children who have experienced important loss or injury will necessitate aid from their replacement carers to pull off their feelings, which could be excessively strong for the kid to pull of f entirely. Therefore their carers need to hold resolved any issues similar to the kid s in order to be fond and cognitively cognizant when the kid remembers their experiences. ( Walker, 2008 ) Attachment was originally used to depict affective bonds between kids and their chief attention givers. The term has now been expanded to include other periods of development like maturity. ( Adams et al, 2009 ) The primary map of the fond regard relationship is to guarantee intimacy to the health professional for nutrient and safety. ( Brodzinsky and Schechter, 1990 ) A big sum of research has found that fond regard at babyhood has a immense consequence on the kid s psychological operation. Researchers Hazen and Durrett ( 1982 ) found that yearlings more firmly attached as babies are more willing to research their environment, than those who were more uneasily attached to their health professionals. Other research workers have found that there is a continued nexus between behavior from childhood when affecting footings of fond regard. ( Brodzinsky et Al, 1990 ) As Sam was adopted at a ulterior developmental phase this would hold an consequence on his fond regard. The surrogate place or arrangements before acceptance is critical in that he needs support from the carers both psychologically and emotionally if he has experienced injuries or disregard. Children can hold legion fond regards but harmonizing to Brodzinsky et Al ( 1990 ) if they have suffered maltreatment or disregard in early babyhood so this may impact their degree of basic trust. Bowlby described the fond regard system merely. If the kid perceived its attachment figure as accessible it will hold confident behavior. However if the kid does nt believe this they will exhibit anxiousness. This behavior may hold been produced by Sam up until he gave up . Sam may non believe his affiliated figure is still accessible as she s caring for a newborn. Bowlby believed that after this clip he may see depression and desperation. Work by Tizzard ( 1977 ) found that kids adopted from age s two to four showed that on norm demonstrated no more jobs that those kids populating with their household. They were nevertheless more likely to be over friendly and have attending seeking behavior. ( Berryman, Smythe, Taylor, Lamont and Joiner, 2002 ) Some research workers have found that there is an complete dependance on utilizing the fond regard theory in acceptance instances. Barth, Crea, John, Thoburn and Quinton ( 2005 ) found that the scientific base of attachment theory is limited when underpinning theory for future intercessions. Barth ( 2005 ) did province that societal workers needed to understand what works when utilizing the fond regard theory in acceptance instances but to utilize what works and develop an intercession that has a more appropriate grounds based attack. Using Attachment theory to pattern involves looking at the kid s present relationships, relationship history and the context of their life and reasoning which peculiar emphasiss may impact their behavior the most. In this instance looking into Sam s school life and fiscal jobs the household may be holding. Social workers work with households to supply support and psychotherapeutics. In this instance they should assist supply support in acquiring the household aid sing emotional support and fiscal. Harmonizing to Payne ( 2005 ) understanding how attachment experiences can associate to troubles they are presently confronting is one of the curative undertakings Bowlby highlighted. A unfavorable judgment highlighted by some psychologists is that the theory uses thoughts from different theories. Bowlby did nt put exact thoughts of how to pattern this theory, although Payne ( 2005 ) does recognize that the theory does hold a good footing for explicating childhood jobs. When practising this theory societal workers must understand the importance of associating it to other theories as they support farther work for illustration the cognitive behavioral supports the thought of utilizing therapy as a larning tool much like what the Attachment theory describes. Sam has shown a alteration in behavior since his babe brother was born. He s been ill-mannered to instructors, argues at place, he s non eating decently and is withdrawn from his household. This alteration in behavior may be because of a figure of grounds nevertheless it is of import to foreground that even though he exposing avoidant behavior now he can still be firmly attached. Avoidant behavior means he is more likely to be withdrawn although still firmly attached. However some of his behavior shows marks of stronger turning away. Sam is contending at school, one illustration of avoidant of behavior is strong-arming and concentrating on those weaker than him, he has showed marks of this towards his babe brother which is a cause of concern. ( Walker, 2008 ) Social workers should be cognizant of this alteration in behavior. Children who have experienced disregard or injury will show disputing behaviors to their attention givers, these carers so necessitate to be more understanding as this behavior may be due to past experiences and high degrees of anxiousness. ( Berryman et al 2002 ) ( Walker, 2008 ) When working with Sam at assessment degree its indispensable that the societal workers use anti discriminatory pattern they need to be non judgemental. It may be that they have seen instances like this several times, but to understand that each instance is different and measuring Sam with no premises and handling him as an person is an of import attitude that the societal workers would necessitate to hold. The history given has shown that the parenting manners may hold changed late, as Sam has been more riotous his parents have been firmer, directing him to his room. This autocratic parenting manner produces kids that are dying, aggressive and have low ego regard, all behaviour manners that Sam has presented. ( Baumrind, 1966 ) This may non be the best manner to cover with his behavior, particularly as he has become more recluse from the household and non eating. This may foreground an underlying job for illustration an eating upset or ADHD. Research by Harris ( 1998 ) a major critic of the fond regard theory found that Nature is an premise. Society assumes that parents who are sort and honest will hold sort and honorable kids. Harris believes that equals may hold more of an consequence on the kid s personality. Using the illustration of indistinguishable twins, she highlights that when populating in different places they will more probably have the same wonts. She besides highlights that kids who live in high offense countries will be more susceptible to perpetrating offense themselves. Personality besides comes from cistrons, as shown in detached twin surveies. In this instance it s of import to look into Sam s friends at school and besides his maternal female parent to happen out what could be act uponing Sam s behavior. Once more societal workers when working with Sam would necessitate to understand that although society can do premises societal workers can non. When working with Sam it s besides deserving observing that the societal workers must hold controlled emotional engagement. Sam may explicate state of affairss which could be really emotional the societal workers would necessitate to hold the capacity to be sensitive when working with him. An extra theory that societal workers should see when measuring Sam is the Social Readjustment evaluation graduated table. Invented by Homes and Rahe ( 1967 ) the higher the figure you have when numbering the figure of life events you have faced the more likely it is that you will hold an unwellness. The graduated table denotes that if you have a mark higher than 150 so you have faced mild life emphasis. Using the graduated table Sam s societal evaluation graduated table was 153. This graduated table is utile when sing the life events that Sam has faced in a comparatively little infinite of clip. However Lazarus and Folkman ( 1984 ) found that this attack is narrow and has the ability to disregard difference between persons when sing their exposure to these life events. Lazarus et Al besides found that the Social readjustment evaluation graduated table ignores chronic stressors which may straiten persons greatly over a length of clip. An attack to understanding emphasis was produced by Lazarus, DeLongis, Folman and Gruen ( 1985 ) they consider stimulus and response, get bying manner and defense mechanism mechanisms. Called the Model of Adoption accommodation it focuses on two types of header, job focused and emotion focused. The emotion focused schemes can affect efforts to cut down the persons emphasis with behavior such as turning away, distancing or selective attending. These alterations in behavior aid in reappraising the life event and redefining it as less intimidating than the single antecedently thought. This type of cognitive assessment procedure and get bying scheme Lazarus et al argues can be influenced by environment. Using this attack can assist look into other factors. This cognitive assessment procedure provides the bases of foregrounding differences between persons and what their psychological emphasis reactions are in response. ( Lazarus et al, 1985 ) As Sam has faced so many life events it s of import for societal workers to understand how much they can impact his psychological well being and behaviors and to understand the importance of recovery in these really traumatic state of affairss. This attack can assist spread out the societal workers understanding of how much these events could be portion of the cause of his alteration in behavior. Knocking different facets of these similar theories can set up how utile it would be to persons and how otherwise each single responds to certain stressors. Using the Model of Adoption accommodation theory to pattern would affect look intoing Sam s relationships and past history of emotional events to derive a better penetration into how good he has used emotion focused or job focused schemes and what his psychological reactions have been in response to the events he has faced. Bronfenbrenners Ecological theory is another theory the societal workers should see when measuring this instance survey. This theory takes into history the relationship between the household, immediate environment and besides the larger environment. It understands a construction of five beds. These beds involve different systems which would all impact Sam otherwise. The microsystem contains direct relationships and interactions of the kid, the constructions in the microsystem can be the household and school. Bronfenbrenner believed that the relationships between this system impact off and toward the kid. For illustration the kid affects the behavior of the parent and the parent affects their behavior onto the kid. The mesosystem includes the kid s connexions between the microsystem s constructions, e.g. Between Sam s parents and their community vicinity. The exosystem identifies the kid s larger societal system, although Sam will non straight map with it. For illustration Sam may non be straight involved with his male parent s work hours but may be affected by its interaction within his system. The 4th bed, the macrosystem involves the wider society. ( Payne, 2005 ) ( Adams et al, 2009 ) The ecological theory focal points on the alone influences of the service user and the relevancy of the immediate environment every bit good as larger society. It focuses on the service user as the Centre of the procedure. Appraisals use an ecological model as a footing although in pattern Francis et Al ( 2006 ) argue that comprehensive appraisal tools may impact crisis intercession appraisals because this appraisal is really clip devouring. This theory provides a footing on which societal workers can work from to see the impact that these beds would hold on Sam s relationship and behavior. In this instance it would be reasonable to see this theory. Sam has faced multiple life events each could impact his behavior. This attack recognises that multiple factors could be impacting Sam s behavior. It provides a holistic model to understand these factors, so analyses them and finds solutions. A major unfavorable judgment affecting societal work utilizing this attack is that as the appraisal is so drawn-out and needs a batch of administration to bring forth a solution. Many societal workers have shown a hapless record of good quality appraisals. ( Petch, 2002 ) Some societal workers seem to concentrate on the immediate hereafter of the kid instead than long term solutions. The GSCC ( 2004 ) have produced purposes because of this to foreground that it is of import that practicians understand that it s a cardinal portion of their nucleus rules. It s of import to observe the usage of Anti discriminatory pattern within the usage of appraisals utilizing an ecological attack. Under standing that persons all have different civilizations, behaviors and history is indispensable particularly when Sam is vulnerable both as a kid and as a old service user who may hold experienced past disregard or injury. Jan ( female parent ) A brief history of Jan explained that she has antecedently used IVF intervention a figure of times with no successful gestation. After gaining the emotional and fiscal troubles that may follow if they decided to transport on seeking they applied for acceptance. They were matched to Sam, who was four at the clip and despite initial reserves he seemed like the model kid . Jan so gave up work to care for him. At 24 hebdomads she found out she was pregnant which she was told by physicians would be virtually impossible. Jan has found motherhood a battle and has stated she feels useless. Her Rearing manner towards Sam has changed as she has been stricter because of his behavior alteration. She is besides worried about the wellness of her babe. Attachment is besides an of import theory to see for this person. Research on Attachment in adults focal points on the premise that the same bonds between parents and kids are responsible for the bonds between grownups in personal relationships. ( Bowlby, 1988 ) If this were the instance so the relationship between these persons should reflect how they attached when they were younger ; younger kids may hold secure fond regards. Therefore when they grew up have every bit unafraid romantic fond regards. However if they had less stable fond regards when they were younger they may hold less unafraid relationships when they reach maturity. Similarly kids who have unafraid fond regards but have had inconsistent secure fond regards as they grow up may good hold a alteration in their fond regard form. Jan and her hubby Tony seem to hold some relationship jobs. Tony is nt able to supply the degree of emotional support that she needs because of the increased hours he has to work. Jan may be somewhat insecure about her relationship with Tony it s of import to research this relationship at both an single degree and together to work out solutions together. To supply support and work out what each person needs both emotionally and psychologically, particularly as Jan seems to be going more disquieted about her state of affairs and because she does nt look to hold anyone to turn to for aid. Jan s relationship with her female parent seems debatable. First she seems over dependant on her female parent, who she expected to assist with the babe. The relationship she has with her female parent may hold effects on how she attaches to future persons impacting both her fond regard with her hubby, the fond regard she has with her babe and with Sam. As Jan did nt gain she was pregnant until she was 24 hebdomads pregnant she did nt hold every bit much clip to go emotionally and psychologically ready to fix to hold her babe. A paper by Bernstein, Lewis and Seibel ( 1994 ) found that adult females who were antecedently infertile have trouble transitioning to parenthood some adult females may demo high degrees of anxiousness, avoidance behavior and jobs with fixing for a newborn. They found that guidelines need to be developed to run into the demands of these adult females who have become pregnant after sterility. Not merely could the fond regard between her spouse and female parent be debatable but as these documents suggest the fond regard between her and the neonate may be the most affected because of her sterility the effects it has on her emotionally, psychologically and biologically. Making farther degrees of anxiousness and bring forthing negative behavior. Social workers measuring and working with Jan who have been involved in IVF or have experienced it themselves may be excessively embroiled in the state of affairs as the societal workers may accidentally direct Jan into doing determinations. It would be more antiphonal as a societal worker to understand this and travel off from this instance. The Spoilt individuality theory is an of import sociological theory to see when understanding Jan s behavior. Goffman s ( 1990 ) spoilt individuality theory or societal stigma explores behaviors and how certain behavior or properties can be socially black. The Collins dictionary describes stigma as separating grade or societal shame. Goffman ( 1990 ) refers to stigma as an property that is discrediting. This theory is important to this instance as Jan has had to cover with a figure of life events particularly one that is socially discrediting. Stigma theory predicts that childless adult females deviate from ordinary and normal life classs and are profoundly discredited by society. Jan had outlooks before she got married that she would hold kids by birth and became progressively obsessed with holding a kid because of the sum of IVF intervention she used. A recent paper by Whiteford and Gonzalez ( 1995 ) posed the inquiry Why make some adult females become consumed to give birth to a kid, even to the hurt of their ain wellness, matrimony and fiscal position? They found that society was the chief cause that pressures adult females into holding kids. That the adult females used within their research suffered because they had internalised the norms within society and because of this described their egos as faulty. Equally good as society it is besides the mediatisation of intercession that has besides affected adult females infertile. Media is invariably foregrounding how many sterile adult females are now with kid because of medical intercessions what this does psychologically to the adult females still non able to go pregnant is even harder to grok. When sterility does impact you the person is so non populating one s life via the societal norms . It affects adult females otherwise compared to other stigmas as sterility stigma is non a physical one like a hitch. Looking at a adult female who is infertile would non state you that she is, it s their ain cognition that has such a profound consequence on their psychological well-being. It can make emphasis and crisis to both the person and household, impacting them financially, emotionally and physically. Jan and her hubby have both been affected through this injury and it may profit both of them if they have reding together, even though they have now become pregnant and had a kid it is still impacting their relationship. The hubby has to work long hours to be able to afford life costs because of the cost of intervention for the IVF. Post natal depression may besides be impacting Jan. Since she has had her babe she has become emotional and found maternity a battle feeling useless and low. Biologically talking station natal depression is a signifier of depression. Depression normally develops within three or four hebdomads after childbearing it has the same symptoms is depressive upset these include increased sleeping, lassitude and affected appetite. New female parents would besides be dying about the babe and hold ideas about her failure as a female parent which Jan has showed marks of. Jan has faced a figure of life events which may increase the hazard of station natal depression. Fortunately there are a batch of different types of diagnosing for station natal depression. The Edinburgh station natal depression graduated table and the Hamilton evaluation graduated table for depression which uses a point system to measure their degree of depression. There is a broad scope of interventions for station natal depression the type the patient demands would be dependent upon the badness of their depression. Firstly support and advice is offered to give the household an apprehension of how they can retrieve. Independent advice is given sing any societal jobs that may be impacting their relationships. Antidepressants may be prescribed, these would so let the organic structure to work more usually. Although there are several types of side effects which may do farther jobs. Reding and psychological interventions may be the best signifier of intervention as they look at the single entirely and what within their lives could be impacting their depression. Cognitive behavioral therapy helps indentify idea forms which could do the patient more down. It achieves alterations in the manner people think. Interpersonal therapy may besides be utile to see in this instance as this therapy identifies jobs within relationships and relates it to the person s depression. There will ever be positives and negatives of utilizing these different interventions station natal adult females may happen it difficult to perpetrate to psychological therapy because of the clip committednesss and may happen it easier to merely utilize prescribed medicine. The chief unfavorable judgment with this intervention is that it does nt look at the patient s jobs holistically if there are jobs within the relationships confronting them now and happening solutions instead than seting them off w ould be more good in the long tally. Harmonizing to research by Dennis ( 2005 ) the most promising intercession is intensive professional station natal support. Whilst working with Jan and her household it s indispensable that the societal workers give purposeful look of feeling, giving them the opportunity to state what they want from the societal workers and what they truly need and experience about everything that s impacting their relationships and what they want their ends to be. Sing each type of theory for this instance survey so set uping how they all correlate to one another is the best manner to understand how to happen solutions for these persons. Understanding biological, sociological and psychological theories and human growing and development dramas an indispensable portion in measuring and step ining in a positive manner. The International Federation of Social Workers guideline provinces that The societal work profession draws upon theories of human development and behavior and societal systems to analyze complex state of affairss and to ease single, organizational, societal and cultural alterations. ( 2000 ) Sing each type of theory gives a broader apprehension of single s experiences and how societal workers can happen solutions when they are needed. Social workers need a wide cognition base of professional experiences, grounds based research and service users experiences to derive the best apprehension of that state of affairs.